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Batik is a
technique of manual wax-resist dyeing applied
to whole cloth, or cloth made using this technique. Batik is made either by
drawing dots and lines of the resist with a spouted tool called a canting (also spelled tjanting), or by printing the resist
with a copper stamp called a cap (also spelled tjap).
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A tradition of making batik is
found in various countries, including Nigeria, China, India, Malaysia, and Sri
Lanka; the batik of Indonesia, however, is the most well-known. Indonesian
batik made in the island of Java has a
long history of acculturation, with diverse patterns
influenced by a variety of cultures, and is the most developed in terms of
ETYMOLOGY
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The word batik is Javanese in origin. It may either come from the
Javanese word amba ('to
write') and titik ('dot'),
or may derive from a hypothetical Proto-Austronesian root*beCík ('to tattoo').
The word is first recorded in English in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1880, in
which it is spelled battik. It is attested in the Indonesian
Archipelago during the Dutch colonial period in various forms: mbatek, mbatik, batek and batik.
HISTORY
Wax resist dyeing of fabric is
an ancient art form. It already existed in Egypt in the 4th century BC, where it was used to
wrap mummies; linen was soaked in wax, and scratched using a stylus. In Asia,
the technique was practiced in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), and in India and Japan during
the Nara Period (645-794 AD). In Africa it was originally
practiced by the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria, Soninke and Wolof in Senegal.[5] These African version however, uses cassava starch or rice paste, or mud as a resist
instead of beeswax.[6]
The art of batik is most highly
developed in the island of Java in Indonesia. In Java, all the materials
for the process are readily available — cotton and beeswax and plants from
which different vegetable dyes are made.[7] Indonesian batik predates written records:
G. P. Rouffaer argues that the technique might have been introduced during the
6th or 7th century from India or Sri Lanka.[5] On the other hand, the Dutch archaeologist
J.L.A. Brandes and the Indonesian archaeologist F.A. Sutjipto believe
Indonesian batik is a native tradition, since regions such as Toraja, Flores,Halmahera, and Papua, which were not directly influenced by
Hinduism, have an age-old tradition of batik making.[8]
Rouffaer reported that the gringsing pattern was already known by the 12th
century in Kediri, East Java. He
concluded that this delicate pattern could only be created using the canting, an
etching tool that holds a small reservoir of hot wax, and proposed that the canting was invented in Java around that time.[8] The carving details of clothes worn by East
Javanese Prajnaparamita statues from around the 13th century
show intricate floral patterns within rounded margins, similar to today's
traditional Javanese jlamprang or ceplok batik motif.[9] The motif is thought to represent the lotus, a
sacred flower in Hindu-Buddhist beliefs. This evidence suggests that intricate
batik fabric patterns applied with the cantingexisted
in 13th century Java or even earlier.[10]
In Europe, the technique was
described for the first time in the History
of Java, published in London in 1817 by Stamford Raffles, who
had been a British governor for the island. In 1873 the Dutch merchant Van Rijckevorsel gave the pieces he collected during a trip
to Indonesia to the ethnographic museum in Rotterdam. Today the Tropenmuseum houses
the biggest collection of Indonesian batik in the Netherlands. The Dutch and
Chinese colonists were active in developing batik, particularly coastal batik,
in the late colonial era. They introduced new patterns as well as the use of
the cap (copper block stamps) to mass-produce
batiks. Displayed at the Exposition Universelle at Paris in 1900, the Indonesian batik
impressed the public and artists.[5]
In the 1920s, Javanese batik
makers migrating to Malaya (now Malaysia) introduced the use of wax and copper
blocks to its east coast.[11]
In Subsaharan Africa, Javanese batik was introduced
in the 19th century by Dutch and English traders. The local people there
adapted the Javanese batik, making larger motifs with thicker lines and more
colors. In the 1970s, batik was introduced to Australia, where aboriginal
artists at Erna Bella and Utopia have developed it as their own craft.[12]
TECHNIQUE
Firstly, a cloth is washed,
soaked and beaten with a large mallet. Pattern are drawn with pencil and later
redrawn using hot wax, usually made from a mixture of paraffin or bees wax,
sometimes mixed with plant resins, which functions as a dye-resist. The wax can
be applied with a variety of tools. A pen-like instrument called a canting (IPA: [tʃantiŋ],
sometimes spelled with old Dutch orthography tjanting) is the most common. A canting is made from a small copper reservoir
with a spout on a wooden handle. The reservoir holds the resist which flows
through the spout, creating dots and lines as it moves. For larger patterns, a
stiff brush may be used.[13] Alternatively, a copper block stamp called
a cap (IPA: [tʃap]; old
spelling tjap) is used to
cover large areas more efficiently.[14]
After the cloth is dry, the
resist is removed by scraping or boiling the cloth. The areas treated with
resist keep their original color; when the resist is removed the contrast
between the dyed and undyed areas forms the pattern.[15] This process is repeated as many times as
the number of colors desired.
The most traditional type of
batik, called batik tulis (written batik), is drawn using only
the canting. The cloth
need to be drawn on both sides and dipped in a dye bath three to four times.
The whole process may take up to a year; it yields considerably finer patterns
than stamped batik.[1]
CULTURE
Indonesia
Many Indonesian batik patterns
are symbolic. Infants are carried in batik slings decorated with symbols
designed to bring the child luck, and certain batik designs are reserved for
brides and bridegrooms, as well as their families.[16] Some designs are reserved for royalties,
and even banned to be worn by commoners. Consequently, a person's rank could be
determined by the pattern of the batik he or she wore.[17][18]
Batik garments play a central
role in certain Javanese rituals, such as the ceremonial casting of royal batik
into a volcano. In the Javanese naloni mitoni ceremony, the mother-to-be is wrapped
in seven layers of batik, wishing her good things. Batik is also prominent in
the tedak siten ceremony when a child touches the
earth for the first time.[19]
In October 2009, UNESCO designated Indonesian batik as a Masterpiece of Oral andIntangible Heritage of Humanity. As part of the
acknowledgment, UNESCO insisted that Indonesia preserve its heritage
BALI BATIK
In Bali most visit Batik area
Located along the way from Tohpati to Batubulan village. Most of visitor visit
the village continuing their program to visit Ubud and Kintamani.
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We serve the tour by visiting
the object such as: Bali Batik House, Gold and silver smith,
The above tour You’ll spend “”Just
US $ 45 “”per person (minimum 2 person) and You’ll get all Included likes:
Fully A.C car with Free WiFi, English Speaking Driver, Entrance Ticket, Buffet
Lunch At Kintamani, mineral Water, Parking Fee.
The tour not included: Beverage
for your lunch and Personal Expense.
Are You interest?
Contact Us now:
@mail: wirkaimade@gmail.com
Phone: +62-813-382-18431
+62-878-625-35376
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